SELECT 
  category_id 
FROM 
  categories 
WHERE 
  id_path LIKE '12/%'

Query time 0.00055

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "20.28"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "id_path"
      ],
      "key": "id_path",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "id_path"
      ],
      "key_length": "767",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 90,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 90,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "11.28",
        "eval_cost": "9.00",
        "prefix_cost": "20.28",
        "data_read_per_join": "235K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "id_path"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`goimagine`.`categories`.`id_path` like '12/%')"
    }
  }
}