SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    13750, 12483, 4048, 4047, 4088, 4034, 
    11843, 3283, 11842, 13751, 13753, 4036, 
    6542, 4028, 3281, 13752, 6544, 6176, 
    4039, 4059, 13817, 4054, 4057, 3287, 
    4037, 11841, 4311, 4104, 11838, 4062, 
    4056, 4055, 3278, 4075, 4044, 6545, 
    4069, 4068, 4031, 4105, 3275, 6543, 
    11839, 3272, 4070, 4106, 13818, 4049, 
    4050, 4042, 4027, 4066, 4029, 4089, 
    4065, 4045, 4073, 4046, 3280, 4032, 
    4067, 4033, 4030, 4303, 4041, 4035, 
    4053, 6541, 3274, 4071, 4040, 4058, 
    4072, 6547, 3285, 4307, 6191, 4052, 
    4074, 6548, 4090, 3286, 6546, 4043, 
    6177, 4051, 4076, 4302, 4038, 4308, 
    3279
  )

Query time 0.00125

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "33.11"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 162,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 162,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "16.91",
        "eval_cost": "16.20",
        "prefix_cost": "33.11",
        "data_read_per_join": "423K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`goimagine`.`categories`.`parent_id` in (13750,12483,4048,4047,4088,4034,11843,3283,11842,13751,13753,4036,6542,4028,3281,13752,6544,6176,4039,4059,13817,4054,4057,3287,4037,11841,4311,4104,11838,4062,4056,4055,3278,4075,4044,6545,4069,4068,4031,4105,3275,6543,11839,3272,4070,4106,13818,4049,4050,4042,4027,4066,4029,4089,4065,4045,4073,4046,3280,4032,4067,4033,4030,4303,4041,4035,4053,6541,3274,4071,4040,4058,4072,6547,3285,4307,6191,4052,4074,6548,4090,3286,6546,4043,6177,4051,4076,4302,4038,4308,3279))"
    }
  }
}

Result

category_id parent_id
4054 3281
4055 3281
4039 3283
4040 3283
4041 3283
4042 3283
4043 3283
4044 3283
4045 3283
4046 3283
4058 3283
4062 3283
4070 3283
6191 3283
6548 3283
3272 4028
4027 4028
4029 4028
4030 4028
4031 4028
4032 4028
4074 4028
4075 4028
6176 4028
6541 4028
6547 4028
3279 4034
4033 4034
4035 4034
4038 4034
4050 4034
4051 4034
4052 4034
4056 4034
4057 4034
4069 4034
4071 4034
4072 4034
4073 4034
4076 4034
4090 4034
4302 4034
4308 4034
6177 4034
6546 4034
11839 4034
3274 4036
3275 4036
3278 4036
3280 4036
3285 4036
3286 4036
4049 4036
4053 4036
4068 4036
4088 4036
4089 4036
4307 4036
13817 4036
4059 4037
4065 4037
4066 4037
4067 4037
4104 4037
4105 4037
4106 4037
4303 4037
12483 4037
13750 4037
13818 4037
6543 6542
6544 6542
6545 6542
11838 6542
11842 11841
11843 11841
13751 11841
13752 11841
13753 11841