SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    13750, 12483, 4048, 4047, 4088, 4034, 
    11843, 3283, 11842, 13751, 13753, 4036, 
    6542, 4028, 3281, 13752, 6544, 6176, 
    4039, 4059, 13817, 4054, 4057, 3287, 
    4037, 11841, 4311, 4104, 11838, 4062, 
    4056, 4055, 3278, 4075, 4044, 6545, 
    4069, 4068, 4031, 4105, 3275, 6543, 
    11839, 3272, 4070, 4106, 13818, 4049, 
    4050, 4042, 4027, 4066, 4029, 4089, 
    4065, 4045, 4073, 4046, 3280, 4032, 
    4067, 4033, 4030, 4303, 4041, 4035, 
    4053, 6541, 3274, 4071, 4040, 4058, 
    4072, 6547, 3285, 4307, 6191, 4052, 
    4074, 6548, 4090, 3286, 6546, 4043, 
    6177, 4051, 4076, 4302, 4038, 4308, 
    3279
  )

Query time 0.00125

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "33.11"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 162,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 162,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "16.91",
        "eval_cost": "16.20",
        "prefix_cost": "33.11",
        "data_read_per_join": "423K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`goimagine`.`categories`.`parent_id` in (13750,12483,4048,4047,4088,4034,11843,3283,11842,13751,13753,4036,6542,4028,3281,13752,6544,6176,4039,4059,13817,4054,4057,3287,4037,11841,4311,4104,11838,4062,4056,4055,3278,4075,4044,6545,4069,4068,4031,4105,3275,6543,11839,3272,4070,4106,13818,4049,4050,4042,4027,4066,4029,4089,4065,4045,4073,4046,3280,4032,4067,4033,4030,4303,4041,4035,4053,6541,3274,4071,4040,4058,4072,6547,3285,4307,6191,4052,4074,6548,4090,3286,6546,4043,6177,4051,4076,4302,4038,4308,3279))"
    }
  }
}