SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2350, 2332, 2313, 8588, 2318, 11388, 
    2324, 2335, 2337, 2343, 2340, 2333, 
    2317, 17076, 2338, 2326, 2314, 2344, 
    2341, 8589, 2315, 2348, 2339, 8696, 
    2342, 2327, 11389, 11390, 2319, 2328, 
    2334, 21627, 2320, 2330, 2321, 2322, 
    2331, 2312, 2349, 2323, 3453, 8587, 
    2316, 2325, 2642, 2360, 12711, 11387, 
    2336
  )

Query time 0.00086

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "15.47"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 74,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 74,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "8.07",
        "eval_cost": "7.40",
        "prefix_cost": "15.47",
        "data_read_per_join": "193K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`goimagine`.`categories`.`parent_id` in (2350,2332,2313,8588,2318,11388,2324,2335,2337,2343,2340,2333,2317,17076,2338,2326,2314,2344,2341,8589,2315,2348,2339,8696,2342,2327,11389,11390,2319,2328,2334,21627,2320,2330,2321,2322,2331,2312,2349,2323,3453,8587,2316,2325,2642,2360,12711,11387,2336))"
    }
  }
}