SELECT 
  product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      product_prices.price, 
      product_prices.price - (
        product_prices.price * product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  product_prices 
WHERE 
  product_prices.product_id IN (
    205108, 205097, 205194, 205188, 205187, 
    205191, 286311, 205195, 242870, 205193, 
    252792, 254877, 243163, 289203, 283289
  ) 
  AND product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00369

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "10.51"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 15,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
        "filtered": "10.00",
        "index_condition": "(`goimagine`.`product_prices`.`product_id` in (205108,205097,205194,205188,205187,205191,286311,205195,242870,205193,252792,254877,243163,289203,283289))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "10.36",
          "eval_cost": "0.15",
          "prefix_cost": "10.51",
          "data_read_per_join": "35"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "id",
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`goimagine`.`product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`goimagine`.`product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}