SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    2431, 2428, 2429, 2439, 2449, 2433, 2445, 
    2434, 2432, 2440, 2446, 2438, 2633, 
    2430, 3382, 2535, 3376, 2618, 2450, 
    2441, 4894, 2533, 2444, 2426, 2448, 
    2443, 3339, 2447, 2452, 2442, 5235, 
    2427, 2695
  )

Query time 0.00085

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "9.49"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 44,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 44,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "5.09",
        "eval_cost": "4.40",
        "prefix_cost": "9.49",
        "data_read_per_join": "115K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`goimagine`.`categories`.`parent_id` in (2431,2428,2429,2439,2449,2433,2445,2434,2432,2440,2446,2438,2633,2430,3382,2535,3376,2618,2450,2441,4894,2533,2444,2426,2448,2443,3339,2447,2452,2442,5235,2427,2695))"
    }
  }
}