SELECT 
  product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      product_prices.price, 
      product_prices.price - (
        product_prices.price * product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  product_prices 
WHERE 
  product_prices.product_id IN (
    212190, 213341, 204738, 213340, 204740, 
    311173, 315133, 323613, 410174, 327013, 
    468818, 317773, 370573, 423934, 439778, 
    382453, 407534, 328333, 363213, 426014, 
    374533, 392254, 338893, 409414, 439218, 
    367173, 462218, 360013, 368493, 474098, 
    369813, 414134, 474858, 390374, 410734, 
    421294, 488058, 324373, 373213, 451098, 
    414694, 429974, 495218, 442418, 357373, 
    443738, 311733, 312493
  ) 
  AND product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00192

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "36.11"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 48,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
        "filtered": "10.00",
        "index_condition": "(`goimagine`.`product_prices`.`product_id` in (212190,213341,204738,213340,204740,311173,315133,323613,410174,327013,468818,317773,370573,423934,439778,382453,407534,328333,363213,426014,374533,392254,338893,409414,439218,367173,462218,360013,368493,474098,369813,414134,474858,390374,410734,421294,488058,324373,373213,451098,414694,429974,495218,442418,357373,443738,311733,312493))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "35.63",
          "eval_cost": "0.48",
          "prefix_cost": "36.11",
          "data_read_per_join": "115"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "id",
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`goimagine`.`product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`goimagine`.`product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}