SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    183, 189, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 
    191, 192, 193, 194, 6634
  )

Query time 0.00053

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "3.27"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 13,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 13,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "1.97",
        "eval_cost": "1.30",
        "prefix_cost": "3.27",
        "data_read_per_join": "34K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`goimagine`.`categories`.`parent_id` in (183,189,184,185,186,187,188,190,191,192,193,194,6634))"
    }
  }
}