SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    13311, 13312, 12085, 12089, 13244, 12109, 
    13045, 12090, 12088, 12111, 12113, 
    12084, 12110, 12112, 13302, 13571, 
    12086, 12083, 13303, 12956, 12087, 
    13304, 13572, 12108, 13305, 13573, 
    12082, 12114, 13306, 12115, 13308, 
    11965, 12116, 13309, 12117, 12118, 
    13512
  )

Query time 0.00084

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "12.70"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 60,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 60,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "6.70",
        "eval_cost": "6.00",
        "prefix_cost": "12.70",
        "data_read_per_join": "157K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`goimagine`.`categories`.`parent_id` in (13311,13312,12085,12089,13244,12109,13045,12090,12088,12111,12113,12084,12110,12112,13302,13571,12086,12083,13303,12956,12087,13304,13572,12108,13305,13573,12082,12114,13306,12115,13308,11965,12116,13309,12117,12118,13512))"
    }
  }
}