SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    17466, 14704, 17464, 17490, 17491, 14702, 
    17463, 17465, 17462, 17489, 14703, 
    17488
  )

Query time 0.00056

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "4.84"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 21,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 21,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "2.74",
        "eval_cost": "2.10",
        "prefix_cost": "4.84",
        "data_read_per_join": "54K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`goimagine`.`categories`.`parent_id` in (17466,14704,17464,17490,17491,14702,17463,17465,17462,17489,14703,17488))"
    }
  }
}