SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    14017, 15095, 15096, 14018, 14209, 14210, 
    14212, 14043, 13999, 14831, 14022, 
    14013, 14213, 15097, 14000, 15098, 
    14023, 14833, 14832, 14001, 14024, 
    15099, 14041, 15100, 15101, 14042, 
    14834, 14021, 14211, 15102, 14002, 
    14003, 15103, 14214, 15104, 14835, 
    14215, 14014, 14025, 15105, 15106, 
    14836, 14026, 14027, 15107, 14837, 
    14004, 14839, 14040, 14838, 14005, 
    14006, 14208, 14007, 14207, 14840, 
    15108, 14841, 14842, 14008, 15109, 
    14015, 14843, 14009, 14206, 14010, 
    15110, 14845, 15114, 15115, 15111, 
    15112, 14011, 14028, 15113, 14029, 
    13996, 13995, 14012, 13997, 14016, 
    13998, 14019, 14849, 14020
  )

Query time 0.00240

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "31.70"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 155,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 155,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "using_index": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "16.21",
        "eval_cost": "15.50",
        "prefix_cost": "31.71",
        "data_read_per_join": "405K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`goimagine`.`categories`.`parent_id` in (14017,15095,15096,14018,14209,14210,14212,14043,13999,14831,14022,14013,14213,15097,14000,15098,14023,14833,14832,14001,14024,15099,14041,15100,15101,14042,14834,14021,14211,15102,14002,14003,15103,14214,15104,14835,14215,14014,14025,15105,15106,14836,14026,14027,15107,14837,14004,14839,14040,14838,14005,14006,14208,14007,14207,14840,15108,14841,14842,14008,15109,14015,14843,14009,14206,14010,15110,14845,15114,15115,15111,15112,14011,14028,15113,14029,13996,13995,14012,13997,14016,13998,14019,14849,14020))"
    }
  }
}